Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech Exclamatory sentences:

Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech

Exclamatory sentences:

Exclamatory Sentence 
Rules :

·         Change the exclamatory sentence into statement or Assertive

·         Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.

·         Use the conjunction ‘that’

·         Omit the interjections such as Oh, O, Alas, how, what, hurrah.

·         Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.

·         If the verb is not given, use ‘Be’ form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correct tense according to the subject.

·         Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‘exclaim joyfully’

·         Use ‘exclaim’ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents.

1. “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she. (D.S.)
She exclaimed joyfully that that was a very beautiful flower. (I.S.)

2. “What a horrible sight!” we all exclaimed. (D.S.)
We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight. (I.S.)

3. “Alas! I have broken my brother’s watch” said he.
He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his brothers watch. (I.S.)

4. “How beautiful she is!” said Boon. (D.S.)
Boon exclaimed joyfully that she was very beautiful. (I.S.) 

(a)  When the contents of an exclamatory sentence are reported, the reporting verb or tell is changed into exclaim, cry out, wish, pray, confess, etc.

(b) The exclamatory form is changed into the statement form and the mark or exclamation is replaced by a full stop.

(c)  All interjections, nominatives of address are omitted or sometimes put as the objects of the reporting verb, but the force of interjection is kept by suitable adverbs or other expressive words as indicated below:

Hurrah! or Ha!		joy
Hash! or Hush!		attention
Alas!		grief
What! or Oh!		surprise
Bravo! or Hear!		approval
Pooh!		contempt

Direct Speech	Rosy said to David, “How wonderfully you sang!”
Indirect Speech	Rosy exclaimed with happiness that David had sung wonderfully.
Direct Speech	The foreigner said, “What a man Obama is!.”
Indirect Speech	The foreigner exclaimed in wonder that Obama was a great man.
Direct Speech	John said, “That I should see you here!”
Indirect Speech	John was surprised to see me there.

May you!- blesses / wished.
Direct Speech	The grandmother said, “May you meet with success wherever you go”
Indirect Speech	The grandmother blessed her grandson that he should meet with success wherever he goes.
Don’t / never - warned or forbade. (when using forbid do not use negatives)
Direct Speech	Father said, “Shakshi, don’t play in dirty water!”
Indirect Speech	Father forbade his daughter Sakshi to play in dirty water.
O God! - called upon God with regret / sadness / disappointment
Direct Speech	The beggar said, “O God! I have been cheated”.
Indirect Speech	The beggar called upon God with regret that he had been cheated.

Direct : She said, “Alas! He is dead.”

Indirect : She cried out with sorrow that he was dead.

Direct : “Hurrah! We have won the match,” shouted the cricket team.

Indirect : the cricket team shouted with joy that they had won the match.

Direct : The soldiers said, “Curse on the traitor!”

Indirect : The soldiers bitterly cursed the traitor.

Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech Assertive sentences:

Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech

Assertive sentences:

Statement (or) Assertive Sentence
Rules :

·         Remove the quotation marks in the statement

·         Use the conjunction ‘that’

·         Change the reporting verb ‘say to’ into ‘tell’

·         Change the reporting verb ‘said to’ into ‘told’

Note :

·         He said that (correct)

·         He told me that (correct)

·         He told that (Incorrect)

When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense there is no change in the tense of the reported clause:

Direct Speech	Simi says, “I like kids”.
Indirect Speech	Simi says that she likes kids.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense the verb of the reported clause is changed into the corresponding past tense:

Direct Speech	Ramsy said, “I have a habit of reading before I go to bed”.
Indirect Speech	Ramsy said that she had a habit of reading before she went to bed.
Direct Speech	Gagan said, “I have written a novel”.
Indirect Speech	Gagan said that he had written a novel.

Present Progressive used as a future form becomes would be + present participle, not Past Progressive:

Direct Speech	She said, “I am seeing the dentist next week”.
Indirect Speech	She said that she would be seeing the dentist the following week.

 Simple Past / past Progressive in adverb clauses of time do not usually change into the corresponding past tense:

Direct Speech	She said, “When I lived / was living in a village I faced a lot of hardships”.
Indirect Speech	She said that when she lived / was living in a village she faced a lot of hardships. (Don’t use had lived / had been living)

Unreal past tense (subjunctive mood) after wish / it is time remains unchanged:

Direct Speech	She said, “I wish I were an angel.”
Indirect Speech	She said that she wished she were an angel. (Don’t use had been)

Would rather / would sooner / had better remains unchanged:

Direct Speech	He said, “I would rather starve than beg.”
Indirect Speech	He said that he would rather starve than beg.

Verbs used in clauses expressing improbable or impossible condition remain unchanged:

Direct Speech	He said, “If won the election I would become a minister.”
Indirect Speech	He said that if he won the election he would become a minister.

When the direct speech expresses universal truth (fundamental truths of science) saying / proverbs / habitual action, the tense does not change:

Direct Speech	He said, “Habit is a second nature.”
Indirect Speech	He said that habit is a second nature.

A noun / pronoun in the vocative case is made the object of a reporting verb should be left out:

Likewise a comment clause (parenthesis) is left out

you see, as you know, to tell you frankly etc.

Words of expressions used just to introduce a sentence are left out:

Well, very well, now, so etc.

Likewise a comment clause (parenthesis) is left out

The teacher asked the children to listen to him. (now left out)

A statement employing all the techniques:

Well, very well, now, so etc.

Likewise a comment clause (parenthesis) is left out

Sentence with the same concept should be joined with ‘and’ but when there is a contract use ‘but’

Direct Speech	My neighbour said, “My guests arrived last evening. They are staying with us today. They will be leaving early tomorrow morning.”
Indirect Speech	My neighbour told me that her guests had arrived the previous evening and they were staying with them that day but they would be leaving early the following morning.

Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech step by step

Direct speech Vs. Indirect speech

step by step

Reported Speech - Statement - Rules

Whatever may be the tense of the Reporting Sentence, if the Reported Sentence tells a universal fact, no change is made in the tense of the Reported Sentence.

Example No. 1:
Direct Speech:
The mother is saying to the child, “The third day of the week is Tuesday.”.
Step 1: The Reported Sentence is: “The third ... .... Tuesday.”
Step 2: It is a Statement and a universal fact.
Step 3: So, the conjunction word is -- “that”.
Step 4: ‘is saying to’ changes into ‘is telling’.
Step 5: No change of pronoun.
Step 6: It is a universal fact. So, no change of tense is necessary.
Step 7: No change of extension.

Now, the Indirect Speech is:
The mother is telling the child that the third day of the week is Tuesday.

Example No. 2:
Direct Speech:
The History teacher says, “Megellan was the first navigator to come around the world.”.
Step 1: The Reported Sentence is: “Megellan ... .... world.”
Step 2: It is a statement.
Step 3: The conjunction word is -- “that”.
Step 4: ‘Says’ does not change. Use it as it is.
Step 5: There are no pronoun to get changed.
Step 6: No change of tense is made.
Step 7: No extensive word to get changed.

Now, the Indirect Speech is:
The History teacher says that Megellan was the first navigator to come around the world.

The following models have been answered for you:

1. The teacher has said to the pupils, “Sea-water is different from the river water.”.
The teacher has told the pupils that sea-water is different from river water.

2. David answered, “The Mines are under the ground”.
David answered that the Mines are under the ground.

3. John said to his brother, “The U.N.O. is a world organisation”.
John told his brother that the U.N.O. is a world organisaiton.

4. The Science teacher told the class, “Ice floats on water.”.
The Science teacher told the class that ice floats on water. 

Here, we do not consider the changes under all the rules separately. We will consider them under two divisions.
You know the two types of Interrogative Sentences:

·         Inverted questions requiring ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answers -- 1st type.

·         Questions that begin with interrogative words -- 2nd type

At first we shall deal with the First type:

Take an Example No. 1:

Direct Speech: The boy said to the fruit-seller, “Are all these mangoes sweet?”
Step 1: Identify the Reported Sentence.
Step 2: Know what kind of sentence the Reported Sentence is.
Step 3: Look for the correct Conjunction.
(The Conjunction of the First type is “If or Whether”)
Step 4: Change of ‘said to’ -- Since it is an interrogative sentence ‘said to ’ changes into ‘asked’.
Step 5: Look for the change of pronouns.
Step 6: Look for the change of tenses.
The Reported Sentence is in past tense. The Reported Sentences is in present tense. So, the Reported Sentence should be changed into past tense, corresponding to the tense, of the Reporting Sentence.
The verb is ‘are’ -- Its past tense is ‘were’.
Step 7: Look for the change of extension words.
‘These’ changes into ‘those’.

The Indirect Speech is:
The boy asked the fruit-seller if all those mangoes were sweet. 

Example No 2:

Direct Speech : The grandfather said to his grandsons, “Did you not like my story yesterday?”
Step 1: The Reported Sentence is: “Did you ... day?”
Step 2: It is an Interrogative Sentences. It is of the First type.
Step 3: So its conjunction word is: If or Whether.
Step 4: So ‘said to’ changes into ‘asked’.
Step 5: Look for the pronouns.
(i) The first one is: ‘You’ (subject)
‘You’ -- refers to grandsons. They are in the third person plural number.
So the third person of ‘You’ (subject, plural)
It is -- ‘they’. ‘You’ changes into ‘they’.
‘You’ -- grandsons.
‘You’ -- they.
(ii) The next on is ‘My’.
‘My’ -- refers to ‘the grandfather’ -- in the third person.
So, take the third person of ‘My’ - -It is ‘His’.
‘My’ changes into ‘His’.
Step 6: Look for the change of tenses.
Step 7: Extensive word ‘Yesterday’ changes into ‘the day before’. Now, the Indirect Speech is-

The grandfather asked his grandsons if they had not liked his story the day before. 

sentence transformation

Affirmative	Negative	Example
As soon as	No sooner had …than	Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Scarcely …when	No sooner had …. Than	Aff: Scarcely had the thief seen the police when he fled away. Neg: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he fled away.
Hardly ….when	No sooner had … than	Aff: Hardly had the bird seen the hunter when it flew away. Neg: No sooner had the bird seen the hunter than it flew away.
As ….as	Not less …than / no less … than	Aff: My father is as wise as our teacher. Neg: My father is not less wise then our teacher.
Less … than	Not as …. as	Aff: My father is less wise then our teacher. Neg: My father is not as wise as our teacher.
Both ….and	Not only …but also	Aff:He both a student and a player. Neg: He is not only a student but also a player.
Too ….to	So ….that	Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Only (person)	None but	Aff: Only God can help us. Neg: None but God can help us.
Only (things)	Nothing but	Aff: He likes only sweet. Neg: He likes nothing but sweet.
Only (age)	Not more than/ Not less than	Aff: He is only ten. Neg: He is not more than ten.
Alone (person)	None but	Aff: God alone can save us. Neg: None but God can save us.
Must	Cannot but / cannot help+verb+ing	Aff: You must obey your parents. Neg: You cannot but obey your parents. / You cannot help obeying your parents.
Have to	Cannot but / Cannot help+verb+ing	Aff:We have to leave this beautiful world. Neg: We cannot but leave this beautiful world. / He cannot help leaving this beautiful world.
Has to	Cannot but / Cannot help+verb+ing	Aff: He has to run his family. Neg: He cannot but run his family. / He cannot help running his family.
Had to	Could not but / could not help+verb+ing	Aff: I had to join the study tour. Neg: I could not but join the study tour. / I could not help joining the study tour.
Need to	Cannot but / cannot help+verb+ing	Aff: I need to go there. Neg: I cannot but go there. / I cannot help going there.
Needed to	Could not but / could not help+verb+ing	Aff: I needed to go there. Neg: I could not but go there. / I could not help going there.
Many	Not a few	Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I have not a few friends.
A few	Not many	Aff: I have a few friends. Neg: I have not many friends.
A little	Not much	Aff: I have a little rice. Neg: I have not much rice.
Much	Not a little	Aff: He has much money. Neg: He has not a little money.
Every + noun Every teacher Every student	There is no + noun+but+verb / There is no … who does not+verb	Aff:Every teacher loves his child. Neg: There is no teacher but loves his child. /  There is no teacher who does not love his child.
Sometimes	Do not always/ Does not always/ Did not always/ Not always	Aff: Ram sometimes comes to our house. Neg: Ram does not always come to our house.
Always	Never + adjective’s antonym	Aff: Sita was always punctual. Neg: Sita was never late.
For the last time	Never …again	Aff: He came here for the last time. Neg: He never came here again.
For good	Never ….again	Aff: He has given up smoking for good. Neg: He will never smoke again.
For ever	Never ….again	Aff: He has left the village for ever. Neg: He will never come to his village again.
Affirmative word	Not + adjective’s antonym	Aff: The man is happy. Neg: The man is not unhappy.
Universal truth	Negative Interrogative (auxiliary + not)	Aff: Health is wealth. Neg: Is not health wealth.?